Objectivist Epistemology and Ayn Rand Essay Example for Free

Objectivist Epistemology and Ayn Rand Essay The beginning stage of Objectivist Epistemology is the guideline, introduced by Rand as an immediate result of the otherworldly aphorism that Existence is Identity, that Knowledge is Identification. Objectivist epistemology[9] concentrates how one can decipher recognition, I. e. , mindfulness gained through the faculties, into legitimate ideas that really distinguish the realities of the real world. Objectivism expresses that by the strategy for reason man can pick up information (recognizable proof of the realities of the real world) and rejects philosophical distrust. Objectivism additionally dismisses confidence and feeling as methods for achieving information. In spite of the fact that Rand recognized the significance of feeling in people, she kept up that the presence of feeling was a piece of our existence, not a different methods for accomplishing consciousness of the real world. Rand was neither an old style empiricist (like Hume or the legitimate positivists) nor a traditional pragmatist (like Plato, Descartes, or Frege). She couldn't help contradicting the empiricists for the most part in that she believed observation to be essentially sensation stretched out after some time, restricting the extent of discernment to programmed, pre-subjective mindfulness. Hence, she ordered alleged perceptual figments as mistakes in subjective translation because of intricacy of perceptual information. She held that target distinguishing proof of the estimations of properties of existents is gotten by estimation, extensively characterized as systems whose perceptual part, the examination of the ascribes an incentive to a norm, is easy to such an extent that a mistake in the subsequent ID is beyond the realm of imagination given an engaged brain. Along these lines, as indicated by Rand, information acquired by estimation (the way that an element has the deliberate quality, and the estimation of this credit comparative with the norm) is logically sure. Ayn Rands most particular commitment in epistemology is her hypothesis that ideas are appropriately shaped by estimation oversight. Objectivism recognizes legitimate ideas from inadequately framed ideas, which Rand calls enemies of ideas. While we can realize that something exists by discernment, we can just distinguish what exists by estimation and rationale, which are important to transform percepts into legitimate ideas. Procedural rationale (characterized by Rand as the specialty of non-conflicting distinguishing proof) indicates that a substantial idea is shaped by overlooking the variable estimations of the benefits of relating properties of a lot of cases or units, however keeping the rundown of shared traits a format with estimations excluded as the rule of enrollment in the calculated class. At the point when the way that a unit has all the traits on this rundown has been confirmed by estimation, at that point that unit is known with logical sureness to be a unit of the given idea. [9] Because an idea is just known to be legitimate inside the scope of the estimations by which it was approved, it is a mistake to expect that an idea is substantial outside this range, which is its (relevant) scope. It is additionally a blunder to accept that a recommendation is known to be substantial outside the extent of its ideas, or that the determination of a logic is known to be legitimate outside the extent of its premises. Rand credited degree infringement blunders in rationale to epistemological intrinsicism. [9][4] Rand didn't think about the diagnostic engineered differentiation, including the view that there are certainties in righteousness of significance, or that essential realities and scientific facts are best comprehended as facts in ethicalness of importance, to have merit. She comparably prevented the presence from securing from the earlier information. Rand additionally thought of her as thoughts particular from foundationalism, gullible authenticity about observation like Aristotle, or representationalism (I. e. , a roundabout pragmatist who has faith in a cloak of thoughts) like Descartes or Locke. Objectivist epistemology, as most other philosophical parts of Objectivism, was first introduced by Rand in Atlas Shrugged. [5] It is all the more completely created in Rands 1967 Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology. [9] Rand thought of her as epistemology and its premise in reason so fundamental to her way of thinking that she commented, I am not principally a promoter of free enterprise, however of pride; and I am not basically a backer of selfishness, yet of reason. On the off chance that one perceives the matchless quality of reason and applies it reliably, all the rest follows.

Ancient Greece :: Ancient Greece Essays fc

Old Greece      Ancient Greece is a promontory situated off the Mediterranean Sea, and is encircled by a few islands.      Ancient Greece was comprised of various kinds of government. There were two sorts of city expresses a theocracy , which is managed by a little gathering of residents and an immediate vote based system administered by the individuals . All residents could make talks and vote at the Assembly. The Council made up of 500 residents made new laws which were bantered in the Assembly . No one but residents could cast a ballot ,ladies , outsiders, slaves didn't reserve the option to cast a ballot Religion and legends were significant in Greek residents lives . They utilized Divine beings and Goddess to clarify things which occurred in science and regular daily existence . They fabricated sanctuaries to respect their Gods and Goddess and held the Olympics in respect of the ruler of the divine beings Zeus . The Parthenon was a sanctuary worked to respect the Goddess Athena . The individuals accepted the Gods and Goddess would support you on the off chance that you gave them contributions, for example, gold ,silver ,and the product of the gather .A not many of the Gods and Goddess were Zeus ruler of the divine beings ,Athena Goddess of astuteness, fighting, and the city , Apollo , divine force of the sun , light ,truth , music and , prescience , Hades sibling of Zeus and lord of the under world and life following death , and Poseidon, leader of the oceans . The entirety of the divine beings and goddess inhabited Mount Olympus the most noteworthy mountain in Greece . The Greeks had numerous occupations , brokers , traders , planners , savants, screenwriters , artists , specialists , writers , stargazers and , physicists anyway ; every resident secured the city state . Each resident had a obligation to guard the state as a hoplite, which is a vigorously prepared warrior .They worked in a huge rectangular arrangement of thousands of men all equivalent in rank .      The Greeks impacted the manner in which we live today .The informed Greeks needed clarifications for the world and things around them . they mentioned objective facts and thought of hypotheses . These individuals were known as rationalists which implies â€Å"the love of intelligence † Socrates , Plato , and Aristotle were well known scholars .      Hippocrates is known as the dad of medications today specialists take the Hippocratic Oath , †named after him , which expects them to act morally and ethically . Anaxagras , a cosmologist clarified that a sun powered overshadowing is caused by the moon going between the earth and the sun shutting out the suns light .

In Which I Feel Old

In Which I Feel Old I cant believe Im a senior. Seriously, I cant believe it. I have 9 months to do all of the following: get through the list of  101 Things to Do Before I Graduate finish the requirements for my two majors (Course 9 and Course 6-7) actually submit my concentration completion form for STS (its been sitting in my backpack for weeks now) get into medical school so that i have a post-graduation roadmap/lifeplan explore parts of the Boston area I *still* havent seen: Museum of Fine Arts, Freedom Trail, Castle Island, Cape Cod, Marthas Vineyard, a game at Fenway, Bunker HIll monument, and more. (and more that I cant think of in my current I-cant-believe-Im-graduating-this-year state of distress) O.O It has been so surreal watching the 16s arrive on campus and thinking wow, this is the last MIT orientation Ill ever see, this is the last class that will make me feel old and crufty (wait, jk 17s will be at CPW), this is the last set of FPOPs Ill watch take place, the last year Ill be an admissions blogger, and so on. I promise like, for real that I will blog more this year. Its a promise to myself as much as its a promise to all of you I want to make sure my senior year doesnt go undocumented :) Ill start out with my freebie post i.e. the classes Im taking. Because I have medical school interviews this semester, Im taking a semi-light class load (it doesnt seem like too much work so far, at least): 6.046: Design and Analysis of Algorithms this class, as my professor (Srini Devadas) said during the first lecture, is the big sister of 6.006 (Introduction to Algorithms), which I took last semester. 6.006 was tough at times, but I loved it it makes you think in new and creative ways to optimize problems that relate not only to computer science but also to real life. 6.046 is notorious for being difficult, and the week-long take-home exam that students are given midway through the semester has caused my friends many sleepless nights. Wish me luck :P 6.047: Computational Biology: Genomes, Networks, Evolution so far, this class is awesome. It takes the algorithmic thinking of 6.006 and applies it to biology. The class includes both undergraduates and graduate students (the grad students have to do more pset problems than the undergrads do, teehee) and consists of problem sets, a quiz, and a final project. This is the main Course 6-7 class that integrates CS and molecular biology. 7.06: Cell Biology This too is a Course 6-7 requirement. Not much to say about it so far seems pretty interesting. Ive heard horror stories about this class though (ex. people taking it three semesters in a row and dropping it all three semesters). Given that I only have two semesters left at MIT, Im really hoping this doesnt happen to me. 9.63: Laboratory in Visual Cognition This is one of the last Course 9 requirements I need to fulfill and serves as my Course 9 lab. You can check out the curriculum for this (and the other classes) on OCW if youre interested in seeing how its structured. Weve only had one lecture so far, so I dont yet have an idea of what the semester will be like. 6.UAT: Preparation for Undergraduate Advanced Project This is basically a class that teaches Course 6 students how to communicate and give effective presentations. I have my first presentation this week, and I have to talk about a technical project I have completed. My audience for this presentation is supposed to be any MIT student, which means that anything I say has to make sense to people with very different experiences, knowledge levels, etc. I really like this class so far seems like its useful/not too much work/applicable to anything I do in the future. Thats it for now planning on getting through a little bit of my Things To Do Before I Graduate list this weekend, so stay tuned for posts on that.

Short Story - 1885 Words

â€Å"My lord does not wish to speak to any of you at the moment. Do you not see that this is a time of privacy?† Zeriya reprimand them as he guards Akira, the look on his face grows more and more menacing as he stared at the reporters and journalists. (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) The woman they had been talking to had been rudely pushed aside by reporters, her hair is faintly seen behind the various figures that had formed. The reporters and journalist stare at and hammer Zeriya with questions of consent, their mouths move faster than their words can register and they drown out each other in an attempt to gain Akira’s attention. The sound of the train arriving seems to be a blessing, but even that drowns out when voices grow†¦show more content†¦(-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) â€Å"Come, the train’s arrived.† Yusuke’s hand nudges him towards the train that had finally parked and another hand had taken hold of Akira’s left upper arm, â€Å"Zeriya said to get you in the train..so here I am!† Ryuji’s loud voice doesn’t take much to recognize, even with this uproar. (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) The ‘family’ weaves pass the roaring media and starts to aboard the train once the conductor had come out and given them permission. Most locals had lost an interest in them and the media when the train arrived and they too had gathered near a door of the train, causing a mesh of people to form as they await to step on it. (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) The crowd pushes and shoves to get onto the train, bumping and nudging into Akira and his ‘guards’. Perhaps waiting for the locals to board the train would be a good idea before attempting to do so themselves, but members of the household had already got on the train and the wish not to be separated would crack. (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) The sickly hue of Akira’s skin causes him to gulp when it started to feel as though he was suffocating, his weary eyes glance up at Yusuke beside him to see how he is handling this. Yusuke’s face was plastered with determination, the type that tells one will not beShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreRacism in the Short Stor ies1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narr ator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. InRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 Words   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events

The Poisonwood Essay Hypocrisy Of Religious Rhetoric And...

The Poisonwood Bible- The Hypocrisy of Religious Rhetoric and Colonial Imperialism Imperialism has been a strong and long lasting force, oppressing societies for generations on end. The Poisonwood Bible, by Barbara Kingsolver, thoroughly presents how the Belgian Congo is continuously affected by this concept and ideology. Throughout this story, Kingsolver manipulates each family member and individual within the book to better show Western and European ideas and attitudes, to convey the large amount of hypocrisy, in the foreigner’s actions. No one shows the oppression, inflicted upon the Congo’s people in hope of spreading imperialism, better than the main characters in this story. Nathans only goal is to convert all of the native people’s beliefs to Christianity. By hoping to doing this, they will be able to grasp control and establish their dominance upon the village. This can be seen through Orleannas thoughts, We aimed for no more than to have dominion over ev ery creature that moved upon the earth. And so it came to pass that we stepped down there on a place we believed unformed, where only darkness moved on the face of the waters. (Kingsolver 10). Kingsolver shows that individuals are always going to want and demand control, however the victims of this oppression will fight past it and won’t give in. Many people have come before the Price family, trying to do the same thing. However, the natives are smarter than to give into their new ideologies. Arrogance in

Filipino Mental Health Culture Paper Free Essays

Introduction â€Å"Culture comprises of shared beliefs values, and practices that guide a group’s members in patterned ways of thinking and acting. Culture can also be viewed as a blueprint for guiding actions that impact care, health, and well-being† (Leininger McFarland, 2006). â€Å"Culture is more than ethnicity and social norms; it includes religious, geographic, socio-economic, occupational, ability-or disability-related, and sexual orientation-related beliefs and behaviors. We will write a custom essay sample on Filipino Mental Health Culture Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each group has cultural beliefs, values, and practices that guide its members in ways of thinking and acting. Cultural norms help members of the group make sense of the world around them and make decisions about appropriate ways to relate and behave. Because cultural norms prescribe what is â€Å"normal† and ‘abnormal,† culture helps develop concepts of mental health and illness† (Varcarolis Halter, 2010). Discussed further will be the mental health of Filipino Americans as well as mental health information from The Philippines. Mental Health Needs â€Å"A strong belief that spirits are a cause of physical and mental illness is prevalent throughout the Western Pacific Region, including the Philippines. The strong influence of religion on the Filipino people has however, generated a strong and positive sense of spirituality, which is considered a source of strength in the individual. Since this spirituality is actively acknowledged and practiced in communities, it is recognized as a major coping mechanism in times of social deprivation and disadvantage, crises, political upheavals, and natural and man- Running Head: FILIPINO MENTAL HEALTH CULTURE PAPER 3 made disasters. Psychosocial intervention programs during these times often integrate a psycho-spiritual approach. It is though that the rate of successful suicide is low because taking one’s life is considered a sin (Conde, 2004). † Family Support â€Å"The family is the basic unit of society. It is still considered to be very important and there is active consciousness in the majority of Filipinos to preserve this despite the many social conditions that threaten its structure and the roles within it. While the nuclear family is evolving in the rapidly expanding urban areas, extended families are still prevalent. Families are clos-knit and influenced by tradition. Major decisions are not made unless parents are consulted and have given their approval. Family support is crucial as a basis of community support in times of need† (Conde, 2004). â€Å"Mental illness is dealt with through the help of family and friends and faith in God. One’s mental affliction is identified as the family’s illness and is associated with shame and stigma. The open display of emotional affliction is discouraged in favor of social harmony. Assistance is often sought from relatives and peers before approaching professionals. Decisions, including health care practices and preferences, advance directives, and consent for procedures and treatment, are commonly made in consultation with the family† (Sanchez Gaw, 2007). â€Å"Some families view children with mental illness as â€Å"bringers of good luck†. Filipinos willingly interact with persons with mental illness, but they may not accept them as cohabitants or employees. The rejection is based on the belief that persons with mental affliction are Running Head: FILIPINO MENTAL HEALTH CULTURE PAPER 4 dangerously unpredictable. Filipinos generally unconditionally sacrifice time and vocation to accept and care for their disabled family members† (Sanchez Gaw, 2007). Access to Mental Health Care â€Å"Among Asian American ethnic groups, Filipinos have the second largest representation (behind their peers of Chinese ancestry) within the total Asian American Pacific Islander population of approximately 10 million people (U. S. Census Bureau, 2002). † â€Å"Although Filipino Americans are generally categorized within the aggregated â€Å"Asian American: group, Asian Americans are not a homogenous group with respect to mental health status. † In a study comparing Asian ethnic groups and Asian-specifically Filipino Americans have been found to have one of the highest levels of depressive symptoms of all Asian ethnic groups in the United States, second only to Korean Americans. Although the need for psychiatric treatment exists, Filipino Americans were found to underutilize ublic outpatient mental health services (Baello Mori, 2007). â€Å"It would seem that Filipino Americans, perceived as the most westernized of the Asian Americans, would be more apt to adapt to the American culture. However, they remain among the most mislabeled and culturally marginalized of the Asian Americans. Increased time of residence in the United States may not necessarily reflect an increase in the adoption of Am erican lifestyle and culture† (Sanchez Gaw, 2007) The Philippines have a National Mental Health Policy. There is no mental health legislation and the laws that govern the provision of mental health services are contained in Running Head: FILIPINO MENTAL HEALTH CULTURE PAPER 5 various parts of written laws such as Penal Code, Magna Carta for Disabled Person, Family Code, and the Dangerous Drug Act. The country spends about 5% of the total health budget on mental health and substantial portions of it are spent on the operation and maintenance of mental hospitals. The new social insurance scheme covers mental disorders but is limited to acute inpatient care. Psychotropic medications are available in the mental health facilities (World Health Organization 2006). There are fifteen community residential (custodial home-care) facilities that treat 1. 09 users per 100,000 general populations. Mental hospitals treat approximately 9 patients per 100,000 general populations and the occupancy rate is 92%. The majority of patients admitted have a diagnosis of schizophrenia. All forensic beds (400) are at the national Center for mental health. Involuntary admissions and the use of restraints or seclusion are common (World Health Organization 2006). Guidelines For Treatment A culturally sensitive approach is recommended when considering treatment of Filipinos and Filipino Americans. These guidelines include: pay attention to immigration history and regional orientation, determine the underlying reason for treatment, ensure adequate understanding of the diagnosis and treatment plan, bearing in mind that social inhibitions and nonverbal cues can mislead the practioner, use visual cues and communicate in a ollaborative manner, facilitate dialogue, inquiring about physical as well as mental health complaints, utilize the family and identify the patient’s power hierarchy, allow the patient time to process any information given, respect personal space, note mannerisms without making assumptions about Running Head: FILIPINO MENTAL HEALTH CULTURE PAPER 6 their meaning, do not be misled by the presenting affect maintain judic ious use of medications, and engage the patient by actively focusing on the individual’s symptoms (Sanchez Gaw, 2007) Conclusion Access to mental health facilities is uneven across the country, favoring those living in or near the National Capital Region. The national mental health policy was put into operation relatively recently. Community care for patients is present, but is limited. The poor involvement of primary health care services in mental health is also a feature shared with many low and lower middle resource countries. Psychiatrists should not hesitate to assume a medical role. Increased priority to resources and a strategically coordinated network of social services that recognizes specific sociopolitical, economic, and cultural needs have to be in place when delivering mental health services to Filipinos and Filipino Americans. It is ideal to have such services within existing medical institutions and staffed by culturally sensitive medical, psychiatric, and social service personnel. Psychiatrists need to embrace culture as a powerful factor in understanding the Filipino-American experience. A culturally sensitive and imaginative approach to the individual should be undertaken. Running Head: FILIPINO MENTAL HEALTH CULTURE PAPER 7 References Baello, J. , Mori, L. (2007). Asian values, adherence and psychological help-seeking attitudes of filipino-americans. Journal of Multicultural, Gender and Minority Studies, 1(1), Retrieved from http://www. scientificjournals. org/journals2007/articles/1261. pdf (Baello Mori, 2007) Conde, B. (2004). Philippines mental health country profile. International Review of Psychiatry, 16(1-2), 159-166. Retrieved from http://www. hawaii. edu/hivandaids/Philippines_Mental_Health_Country_Profile. pdf Leininger, M. , McFarland, M. (2006). Cultural care diversity universality: A worldwide nursing theory (2nd ed. ). Sudbury, MA: Jones Bartlett (Leininger McFarland 2006) Sanchez, F. , Gaw, A. (2007). Mental health care of filipino americans. Psychiatric Services, 58(6), doi: 10. 1176/appi. ps. 58. 6. 810 United States Census Bureau. (2002). The Asian Population: 2000. Retrieved from website: http://www. census. gov/prod/2002pubs/c2kbr01-16. pdf Varcarolis, E. M. , Halter, M. J. (2010). Foundations of psychiatric mental health nursing, a clinical approach. (6 ed. ). St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders: Elsevier (Varcarolis Halter, 2010) Department of Health, Manila, The Philippines, Department of Health, Manila, The Philippine. (2006). Who-aims report on mental health system in the philippines. Retrieved from Wold Health Organization website: http://www. who. int/mental_health/evidence/philippines_who_aims_report. pdf How to cite Filipino Mental Health Culture Paper, Essay examples

Determinants Mental Health and Resilience †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Determinants Mental Health and Resilience. Answer: Introduction For wellbeing heath is important part but good mental health is a major concern. Nowadays individuals are suffering from many mental disorders due to social and economic factor in the society. Mental disorder in the society arises due to social inequalities. This can be reduced by taking proper actions to improve the mental conditions and behaviour of the society. It is necessary that actions are taken to enhance every days lifestyle in order to enhance mental health (Segal, Qualls and Smyer, 2018). The root of mental disorders is poverty, discrimination in the society or lack of social support. Various facilities and institutions could improve the mental health condition by providing education, social care services or empowerment. These arrangements somewhere impact in improving the mental health to some extent (Travis, 2014). Risk of mental disorders are at various levels it may affect only an individual, entire family or at the population level. Various policies are designed by go vernment to reduce determinates of mental health and improve the outcomes. Social determinants can be improved by providing empowerment in the community and removing the discrimination (Allen, et. al , 2014). Mental disorders can arise in any age group in early childhood, adults or at working stage. It improves the mental health by reducing the risk of mental disorders that are due to inequalities in the society. Mental disorders somewhere affect the physical conditions of an individual (Compton and Shim, 2015). Determinants of mental health Mental health is defined by World Health Organisation as a state of individual in which they build their own potential to cope up with the life stress and provide a healthy contribution to the society. There are various determinants of mental health in the society which focuses on inequalities. Thus strategies are developed to improve the conditions of an individual by removing the discrimination on the basis of caste, creed or colour. It is researched that mental health arises due poverty, stress or inequality (Meyer, Castro and Aguilar, 2014). These people practice less favourable social, economic and environmental conditions in their life and have access to less support. These disadvantages may start before their birth and tend to accrue throughout the entire life. Protection of human from this state of mind minimizes the disabilities and helps in promoting rapid recovery from illness. The initiatives implemented provide various plans that remove social injustice and inequality ba rriers from the society. It promotes models to improve the social determinants of mental health and helps in building sustainable plans by linking the society and government to improve health conditions. Mental determinates can be improved by improving the health behaviour and enhancing the social behaviour. Consequences of mental disorder arise due low education attainment, isolation from the society, social status or unemployment (Eldredge, et. al, 2016). These consequences lead to stress in an individuals life, thus it could be overcome by conducting various programs to improve the self-awareness, reduce depression and increase the social relations. Compressive strategies focuses on enlightening the health conditions by improving the conditions of the area in which people grow, work or live. The pattern of living has been changed due to the global acceptance of these strategies. It has altered the pattern of living by addressing health issues by empowering communities to take appropriate actions for public health. Numerous Health Promotion strategies were undertaken to control access of smoking and addiction to drugs so that mental disorder is no caused in individuals. Health Promotion Mental health problems are mostly seen in people of younger age that lasts for long period of time, which adversely affects people living near them (Fisher, Acton and Rowe, 2018). Thus it is important to promote good health condition to enhance the educational performance, and employment in the society. Health Promotion focuses on health and economic determinates which helps in filling the gap between the health issues and disease patterns. It helps in promoting the nature of health to improve the health of everyone in the society (Phull, Wills and Dickinson, 2015). Just focusing or promoting health issues among the one who is suffering from mental disorder is not enough. To reduce the health inequalities from the society it is necessary to solely take actions on the large level. Thus to attain a good mental health in the society actions need to be taken at multiple levels so that every population level is covered. Social arrangements are undertaken to empower people by providing the m with quality education (Clement, et. al, 2015). To promote good health and remove the vulnerability of mental health the mediating variable is promoted among the children to improve the economic, social as well as behavioural health condition. Various mental health communities are developed to reach to these people and reduce the burden from their life. The problem is there are various communities developed for improvement of mental health but people are not aware of such communities. To reduce the mental illness government has launched various treatment facilities for an individual. There is a wide gap between mental health problems and resources available to overcome these problems. Health promotion is used to remove the gap in the real world by using resources for treatment and rehabilitation people from the illness. Health promotion helps in improving the mental health and lowers the cost of mental illness through public health approach. It is an action taken to attain new public health criteria. It is necessary for the societ y to overlap the mental illness by covering full range of society and using proper prevention techniques. Thus health promotion practise includes a collective study of society problems, thus prioritizing the resources and making an agreement plan which helps in monitoring the individual behaviour. So that successful steps can be taken to remove the consequences of mental disorders. Mental health is an invisible measure but contributes to the meaning of health of the society as it affects the overall productivity. Promotion of important of mental health is conveyed to everyone at everyplace like at homes, schools, workplaces or while leisure activities (Edelman, Mandle and Kudzma, 2017). Mental health promotion contributes to positivity in the society by improving the social, human, and economic capital of the society. It is an individual action to endure the relation and build strong connections. Health promotion outlines actions to remove the health inequities. An action focuses on social determinants of metal disorders and involves everyone in the society (Svane, et. al, 2015). Apart from that various government policy and practises are taken in the system to promote health activities among the people. Mental health promotion focuses on strengthening the community activities by launching the programmes to reduce social inequality. It facilitates mental health by focusing on promoting the benefits of health lifestyle (Gloria and Steinhardt, 2016). These programs prevent the society from insecurity, violence and aggression, and helps in promoting the empowerment stress and measures to cope up with stress. Promoting how to overcome from stress at school level spreads awareness among childrens and develops positivity among youth. There are certain programs that focus on the shortcomings of depression and reduce unemployment, discrimination, socio issues from the society. Resilience Resilience is a process that helps to bring an individual back to the normal state. It is the ability to bounce back from the difficult situation to positive health. Resilience can be defined as the function that helps to overcome from negative events and improve physical as well as psychological health. Improving optimism or self-esteem in an individual helps in reducing the chances of mental illness. According to the research it can be concluded that heath can be improved by informal or any formal system, for example to remove inequalities from the society positive environment need to be created (Siriwardhana, Roberts and Stewart, 2014). The factors associated with resilience are making plans to build a positive strength among an individual. Resilience is the skill that helps in bouncing back to normal condition by reducing the stress, trauma or adversity. Nurses use this method to help patient recover from mental disorder as it helps in reaching out to others for support (Kessler, et. al, 2017). It supports an individual from mental health conditions like depression or anxiety. Resilient helps to cope up from stress and traumas. As there are various situations in life which leads to depression in ones life, resilience helps to stay stable and helps in overcoming all the shortcomings. Registered Nurse could promote consumers resilience by identifying social wellbeing of patient and knowing about an individual social connection so that ways could be defined to cope up with the mental disorders (Sexton, et. al, 2015). Nurse helps patients to develop all three: Wellbeing- Knowing about the mental wellbeing or about the mental state helps in finding the ways to cope up with health issues. Some may be going through social inequality or any other stress (Sexton, et. al, 2015). Social connections- Due to lack of social interaction among people they feel isolated or left out which leads to development of depression. Nurses take measures to tackle loneliness and launches programs to removing isolation in people by bringing them together and building social relations (Sexton, et. al, 2015). Coping Methods- Various psychological treatments like therapies are used to prevent an individual from the suffering of mental disorders (Sexton, et. al, 2015). Resilience is a defensive feature that focuses on solving the problem by enduring sources to reduce the stress level. Resilience helps in staying with people in their hard time by providing better opportunities of living a healthy life (Wulff, Donato and Lurie, 2015). Significance of resilience Nurse profession has to deal with stress in terms of work, dealing with aggression issues and lack of self-time and struggling whole day long with patients leads to mental and physical problems. Resilience is used to overcome from these issues, as it is a defensive agent for mental well-being. Nurses also exposed that resilience is an significant defensive factor against emotional fatigue (Wulff, Donato and Lurie, 2015). Other than that resilience helps in building a stress free environment to build strong mental health conditions. Conclusion Mental health is significant for every individual as it help to prevent an individual from diseases to avoid mental disorders. It can be concluded that resilience is the defensive tool to deal with metal disorders. It focuses on spreading awareness by health issues but it is not a laid-back task as it has numerous obstacles like cost for setting public programs. Health promotion is an integral part for prevention of disease and recovery from rehabilitation. It deals with common lifestyle of people and tries to improve their lifestyle. By influencing people and making them aware about the bad health effects. Health promotion means building health educational works in society to teach people why it is necessary to be healthy. It helps in altering the lifestyle of people by educating public about health conditions and decreasing the probabilities of having chronic disease and reducing the chances of mental disorders. References Allen, J., Balfour, R., Bell, R. and Marmot, M., 2014. Social determinants of mental health.International Review of Psychiatry,26(4), pp.392-407. Clement, S., Schauman, O., Graham, T., Maggioni, F., Evans-Lacko, S., Bezborodovs, N., Morgan, C., Rsch, N., Brown, J.S.L. and Thornicroft, G., 2015. What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies.Psychological medicine,45(1), pp.11-27. Compton, M.T. and Shim, R.S., 2015. The social determinants of mental health.Focus,13(4), pp.419-425. Edelman, C.L., Mandle, C.L. and Kudzma, E.C., 2017.Health Promotion Throughout the Life Span-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. Eldredge, L.K.B., Markham, C.M., Ruiter, R.A., Kok, G. and Parcel, G.S., 2016.Planning health promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach. John Wiley Sons. Fisher, J., Acton, C. and Rowe, H., 2018. Mental Health Problems Among Childbearing Women: Historical Perspectives and Social Determinants. InMotherhood in the Face of Trauma(pp. 3-20). Springer, Cham. Gloria, C.T. and Steinhardt, M.A., 2016. Relationships among positive emotions, coping, resilience and mental health.Stress and Health,32(2), pp.145-156. Kessler, R.C., Stein, M.B., Petukhova, M.V., Bliese, P., Bossarte, R.M., Bromet, E.J., Fullerton, C.S., Gilman, S.E., Ivany, C., Lewandowski-Romps, L. and Bell, A.M., 2017. Predicting suicides after outpatient mental health visits in the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS).Molecular psychiatry,22(4), p.544. Meyer, O.L., Castro-Schilo, L. and Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., 2014. Determinants of mental health and self-rated health: a model of socioeconomic status, neighborhood safety, and physical activity.American journal of public health,104(9), pp.1734-1741. Phull, S., Wills, W. and Dickinson, A., 2015. The Mediterranean diet: Socio-cultural relevance for contemporary health promotion.The Open Public Health Journal,8, pp.35-40. Segal, D.L., Qualls, S.H. and Smyer, M.A., 2018.Aging and mental health. John Wiley Sons. Sexton, M.B., Hamilton, L., McGinnis, E.W., Rosenblum, K.L. and Muzik, M., 2015. The roles of resilience and childhood trauma history: main and moderating effects on postpartum maternal mental health and functioning.Journal of affective disorders,174, pp.562-568. Siriwardhana, C., Ali, S.S., Roberts, B. and Stewart, R., 2014. A systematic review of resilience and mental health outcomes of conflict-driven adult forced migrants.Conflict and health,8(1), p.13. Svane, J.K., Chiou, S.T., Chang, Y.L., Shen, S.H., Huang, C.H., Pan, C.Y., Lin, M.N., Shieh, Y.H., Wu, T., Wu, S.C. and Chau, T.T., 2015. Integration of health promotion in clinical hospital departments: standards fulfillment, documentation of needs and service delivery.Clinical Health Promotion,5(1), pp.11-17. Travis, C.B., 2014.Women and Health Psychology: Volume I: Mental Health Issues. Psychology Press. Wulff, K., Donato, D. and Lurie, N., 2015. What is health resilience and how can we build it?.Annual review of public health,36, pp.361-374.

My name is Dhruv Talati, Ive played sports for nu Essays - Cricket

My name is Dhruv Talati, I've played sports for numerous years - I started tennis since the age of 3 until last year, and cricket just two years ago. I also played some badminton, table tennis, football, hockey and swimming across the years of my life before high-school! I loved tennis amazingly when I was young, I always put my whole heart into every single thing related to tennis. Then the chance of my life came knocking on my door when I was only 6 years of age; Compete Tennis, an elite tennis, asked me to join them. It was an immense boost me: from once a week club tennis I had 2 tournaments, 3 compete tennis training days and 1 private training session- all in a week! Unfortunately, I was told that I was lacking in physical strength and it would be fatal in the future so, reluctantly, I stopped tennis and exchanged it for cricket. At first, cricket was a nightmare as I was really bad at the game but gradually I improved my technique and was not scared of faster bowlers. Eventually, my heart went away from tennis and placed itself on cricket! Before I knew it I had started private training sessions. As my game improved I joined a club called Ilford Cricket Club, but as they were an advanced team they didn't give me a chance. This dilemma ended when I joined Fenford. Fenford were a skilled team of brilliant players but they all needed a back-bone, someone to get the base of the runs, they were really eager to give a chance to anyone. So I went to Fenford and I found myself as the backbone and before I realised I was the highest run scorer for Fenford! Fenford then considered me as an elite player'. Elite player' was a high performing players from the club (most of them were my friends). I mastered the basics of cricket and I even learnt high-level technique, and after rigorous training I got into Met District Cricket. My parents noticed I was getting bored in the holidays so they suggested I should do an IQ test called Mensa. They said my friend had achieved a big score in the test. So I agreed to do the test. I really enjoyed the revision, the online practise tests were much better than written tests. The book where most of my revision came from was the GMAT books - while it was challenging it was amazingly fun, as the questions made it relating to real life and real incidents - and some questions where fiction! Then came the day of the test I thought it would be a hall as big as the whole of ICHS, but it was smaller than a normal room in ICHS! There were a big number of adults and there was only one other child than me! I found the test comparatively easy to the 11 plus exams, but a bit harder than the SATs - the only thing that made the test a challenge was the duration of how long we had to complete a section. Surprisingly, I got a 162 (highest possible score) in my weakness verbal reasoning!

American Slavery, 1619-1877 essays

American Slavery, 1619-1877 essays The title of the book this document will review is: American Slavery, 1619-1877 by Peter Kolchin, published by Hill and Wang, copyright 1993, 2003. Mr. Kolchin is a well-known and respected author and professor, recently winning the prestigious Alison award from the University of Delaware. This award is but one in the lengthy list of recognitions awarded him for his work and writings in the study of slavery and southern history. Mr. Kolchin has authored four other books about slavery and southern history, which have also garnered critical acclaim. The book American Slavery, 1619-1877 is a survey of American slavery and a probe into the life of those involved in the peculiar institution of slavery. It begins with the origin of slavery in the sixteen hundreds, with the importation of slaves from Africa where their free labor was used to establish the agricultural base of the new world. From this point, the author progresses to follow the growth of slavery, not just by quoting statistics, but by providing accounts of conditions of the lives and times of slaves as well as slave owners. The author does not just provide tales of hardship and a damning opinion of slavery, but rather focuses on the facts of daily living of slaves. Mr. Kolchin delves deeply into the strangely interesting dynamic of the slave-master relationship that allows events like a master whipping a slave for working slowly and then that evening gathering all of the slaves for a time of bible reading. The book progresses in a timeline like fashion showing th e changes in slave culture and popular opinion of slavery in the north and the south. Furthermore, the author provides comparison to the conditions for American slaves to those of Caribbean and Russian slaves and serfs. Finally, the book elaborates on the downfall of slavery and emancipation of the slaves. Mr. Kolchin provides a deep investigation into how slavery...

Case Study on ToyEdu. Creating Business Opportunity Essay

Case Study on ToyEdu. Creating Business Opportunity - Essay Example The company believes that their newly launched product will be a trend-setter in the toy industry. Its unique features will create attraction among the children in the initial stages. ToyEdu feels that the more the children can learn the basic educational tips, the more successful the company can be. ToyEdu’s objectives are very clear. It believes that the creative line of products waiting to be launched in the market of the United Kingdom will be the key to success. They wish to adopt strict financial controls that will reduce their operational cost, thus, enhancing their marginal cost. Furthermore, the company wishes to have a unique team of research and development, which will enable them to respond to the customer’s feedback and develop their products accordingly. The business plan that has been outlined in the proposal consists of the marketing and promotional strategy of the company to inform potential clients about the product. It includes few opportunities for t he business clients in toy industry who may be interested to buy the patent right of the product. The operational plan has been designed in such a way that will be suitable to meet the demand of both the segments, namely the individual consumers and the business clients. ... Traditionally, toys were considered as an equipment of amusement for the children. However, in the recent times, toys have been linked with education for creating the view that learning is fun. Thus, ToyEdu is initially targeting the UK markets, before spreading their businesses globally. Consisting of a handful of employees mostly in the manufacturing department, ToyEdu is looking forward to increase its client base all over the United Kingdom. The company claims to have a unique line of products which will be able to attract customers from different age groups. The financial strength of the company is not that strong compared to the competitors. Therefore, ToyEdu wants to see their company on the stock markets of the UK and establish its image as a renowned manufacturer of educational toys in the global markets. Market Requirement Analysis United Kingdom’s market for toys has been growing gradually. Lots of toys are being imported from the Asian countries especially from mai nland China as well as Hong Kong (Alibaba.com, 2012). Thus, the potential growth of a company producing toys in and around the UK is assumed to have an impact in the markets comprising of individual consumers and wholesalers. Therefore, a launch of products is intended to be made concerning both the segments. The company believes that their products will be able to attract the individual consumers who are the parents, grand parents and other near ones of a particular child. Additional to the individual consumers, the company also wants to target their products to the wholesalers such as schools, day-care centres and companies who are in the toy industry. It has been decided that traditional approach of

Tony Blair and Crime Preventation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Tony Blair and Crime Preventation - Essay Example Blair also supports the creation of an anti-drug czar position in his cabinet and wants a total ban on the ownership of handguns by civilians". (Schmalleger Frank, 1995, p. 241) In my opinion being tough on crime means to handle crime events in such an effective and efficient manner that not only reduce crime rate but also it works in favour of the general citizens of the country. They feel protected and secure in the reign of such Government. This is only possible if crime is handled and eradicated at the grass root level and it is obvious that to handle crime at such elementary level the Government needs to know the real causes and factors behind crime. With respect to UK crime with the Government of Tony Blair, Adele Horin writes in his article of September 7, 2002 "Tough on crime means tough on the causes of crime. If instead of stealing the policies from Tony Blair, Bob Carr had paid half the attention to the causes of crime as he paid to the crackdown on criminals, NSW would be better off". He continues, "We got more jails, more inmates, more police and a higher proportion of convicted offenders sent to jail. And through it all crime continued to rise , according to reports of the NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research". (Horin Adele, 7 Sept 2002) In 1994, Tony Blair promised to be tough on crime and tough on the causes of crime but according to Telegraph Speakers "after weeks of criticism on the growing impact of human rights legislation, Tony Blair has admitted that his government has failed to produce a criminal justice system that people can trust". (Telegraph Speakers, 15 May 2006) Now let us examine through various case studies and highlight the factors and causes of crime growth, what are the circumstances, which caused Tony Blair to admit his failure in reducing crime. On Dec 28, 2005 BBC in accordance with the BBC News, "Ian Matthews aged 19 was punished for angering his neighbours by playing football at late night. His offence was that he damaged some property by kicking football, although unintentionally he was ordered to pay the cost of 500 pounds from ASBO along with the ban of playing football at late night for three years". (BBC news, Dec 28 2005) Here I agree with Watson Steve, "After all, today's street footballer could be tomorrow's terrorist". (Watson, Jan 16 2006) This is what is happening in the current era of Blair who promised to "being tough on crime". If this is the outcome of Blair's government, who is going to reveal the real terrorists We can see the daily growing percentage of crime in UK, the false promises have given the citizens nothing but insecurity, the killers and rapists are on the loose, even they enjoy the benefit of real freedom provided under the current scenario of Government. As they are aware of the fact, in pas t they were feared at least to some extent, but today they know they will not be accounted to anyone. They have the real license to commit any crime; after all, the innocent is always blamed and sentenced. Another case followed by ASBO

Genetic Engineering of Animals: Benefits

Genetic Engineering of Animals: Benefits Animal genetic engineering has existed for thousands of years in the form of selective breeding. People have chosen desirable characteristics for appearance, survival traits, and other qualities in animals they wish to obtain in future offspring. They then bred these animals to selected mates in order to increase likelihood of offspring inheriting these desired traits. More recent definitions of genetic engineering define it as the manipulation or modification of the genetic code of selected animals to alter characteristics and to introduce certain desired traits by changing the cells genome. This can be done by adding to or deleted from DNA or substitution of certain genes. This form of manipulating DNA is a very new technology. This type of engineering was made possible over many years of research and significant findings that has led to what is now the understanding of DNAs structure, purpose, and properties. First studies of manipulation were conducted on bacteria such as E. Coli before animals were experimented with beginning in 1982 with mice. While genetic engineering is a new exciting and fascinating discovery for scientific research with unlimited range of possibilities, it raises moral and ethical concern. It is a highly controversial topic this day in age. Questions have been raised about the extent that animals can be treated to conditions and procedures considered to be unethical for humans. Debates regarding animals rights to not be inflicted with pain or caused suffering of the animal are considered against benefits for human interests. Many arguments about animals consciousness, self-awareness, cognitive and language capacity, morals, quality of life, and evolutionary status have been evaluated in hopes to find differences between humans and animals. If a moral standard could be clearly defined this could justify treating animals to extreme laboratory harms. There is a wide range of opinion regarding the weight that should be accounted to human and animal interests. At one ends of the bar there are what is called an absolutist positions, people that feel human benefits are always significantly more important to animal interests. The opposing view is that if it is certain experiments should not be conducted on humans, they should also not be conducted on animals. Within this group there are two sub categories of opinion. Some activists object to experiments which cause animals pain and suffering, while others object to all human uses of animals. In order to find common ground between the two extremes a strict set of research guidelines has been established to find morally but beneficial genetic engineering on animals. Some basic criteria for animal research are as follows. Animal housing and care are provided with proper food, water, and cleanliness. Discomfort, distress and pain are minimal using appropriate medication, and without unnecessary pain inflicted. Clear objectives and procedures are defined and carried out. All experiments using animals must undergo a protocol ethical review. Al l investigators that handle and use animals have to be appropriately trained and qualified to work with the animals. If it is necessary to administer euthanasia, is should be carried out according to good practice and used appropriately. The studies have to have a worthwhile beneficial outcome for human, animal, or medical use. Lastly the benefits of the study must justify and outweigh the harm done to the animal. Animal research is a necessary, highly beneficial to genetic research and can be ethical if conducted properly. There are a huge variety of benefits that genetic engineering in animals has provided not only for human uses but for animal gain as well as insight into evolution of species. The largest use of animals is for medical advancements. Most of the work done is applied to medical or biological research intending to understand gene function and regulation as well as study human or animal disease. Animals can be used to alter their DNA sequences to see the results. It is now known today many gene functions and causes of disorders from animal DNA analysis. The capability to replace or change single genes, or even delete them, can help investigate the natural functions of a gene, the mechanisms in the body that control it or affect it, and the relationship between genes and environmental factors. This information has provided insight to how genes function and ways to alter these genes in order to prevent diseases and disorders. The ability to investigate the genomes of mice has revealed proce sses where genes are turned on or off, and cell tissues become differentiated. Many different mouse genes have been altered to mimic human diseases are used in studying the mechanisms that the disorders are caused by, and are being used towards developing more effective treatments. Humans have greatly benefited from these findings especially in the advancements of treating diseases such as cancer. Drugs can also be tested on these genetically engineered animals to see how they will affect processes such as cell replication and destruction. These animals provide an unlimited range of knowledge and opportunity for new technology and advances in the medical field. Animal genetic engineering has also provided advances in the industrial world as well. Genetically modified farm animals were used in scientific research procedures for a range of potential and actual benefits. A better understanding of disease resistance in livestock has been found and can now be applied to other animals to produce more disease resistant livestock. Genetic modification of cows may production of milk with enhanced nutritional quality in the future. Farm animals have also been genetically modified to increase productivity, for example animal growth rate, wool quantity, or milk production. Genetic engineering has also been used to select for genetic factors associated with more viable characteristics of livestock as well as to make livestock more suitable for harsh factory farm conditions. These are just a few benefits animal engineering provides and many more will come in the future. Genetic engineering is made possible by the unique properties of DNA. DNA is a double stranded helical structured with nucleotide base pairs held together in the middle with hydrogen bonds. This weak form of bond allows the strands to separate to be replicated easily. DNA is tightly wound into chromosomes. Genes are formed by the different nucleotide sequencing on the DNA strand. These genes code for a certain trait in the organism. The genetic makeup of the organism is called the genotype; the physical or observable trait that they code for is called the phenotype. This phenotype might be an appearance, a survival characteristic, or more desirable quality for the species. Understanding of the structural and function properties of DNA allows researchers to isolate genes, and manipulate them in a variety of ways. There are numerous methods of genetic manipulation so I will only briefly discuss a few select types. DNA recombinant techniques use vectors such as plasmids and viruses that carry foreign genes into host cells. This method is most often used to alter bacterial genomes. The plasmid circles can be broken allowing new genetic material to be inserted in them. This is done by treating the bacteria and a specific gene with a restriction enzyme so ends of each will join with each other on contact. Plasmids with new genetic material can pass across the cells plasma membrane and insert the new genetic material into the bacteriums own genes. The bacteria will add the gene to its sequence and begin to produce the protein that it codes for. Viruses, which are infectious particles of genetic material, act similarly to plasmids as vectors in genetic engineering. The virus carries the gene into a host cell similar to plasmids. Researchers can choose the bacteria that have the new genes absorbed into them and use those bacteria to place the gene into the desired animal. Microinjection is a method that does not use biological vectors of plasmids and viruses. This method involves injecting genetic material with new genes into the recipient cell. When the cell is large enough, like many animal cells, the process can be done with a glass needle. After the injected genes find the host cells DNA sequence they can incorporate themselves into the strand. This is one of the simplest methods of gene manipulation. Bioballistics is a method that use metal slivers to carry the genetic material to the inside of the cell. The small metal pieces are coated with genetic material. It injects the pieces into the cell using a gun like apparatus. A perforated metal plate stops the cartridge, but the small pieces are allowed to pass through into the living cells. Inside the cell, the genetic material is carried to the nucleus and is incorporated into the cells genes. The cells take up the gene are programmed to replicate it. This is the most successful way for the insertion of genes into plant cells but can but can be used in animals as well. Genes are chemical compounds, so they can be manipulated in the same way as other chemical compounds can be manipulated. DNA molecules are large and complex, so the task of manipulation is extremely difficult. However, chemists know techniques in order to cut molecules apart and then put them back together very carefully with high technological instruments. This procedure is known as gene splicing. This method of gene splicing can happen naturally in cells during such processes as division or repair. Cells take genes apart, rearrange their material, and put them back together in a new sequence or arrangement. Discoveries show that cells have certain enzymes that can disassemble DNA molecules and put reassemble them again. Such as endonucleases which are enzymes that can cut a DNA molecule at some given sequence location. Another example is exonucleases are enzymes that can remove one nitrogen base from the DNA stand. A third type is ligases that are enzymes that can join two DNA segm ents back together. Researchers can use knowledge from these natural methods to artificially alter genes using tools such as submicroscopic scissors and glue. With these they can rearranged one or more DNA molecules by cutting them apart, reordering them, and the put back together again. There are so much undiscovered possibilities in genetic engineering that it is nearly impossible to predict what the future can hold. Some potential fields of research are more advances with stem cell research, advances in replacement organs grown form cells, new genetically altered fetuses. There will be more treatment methods for diseases as well as preventions by gene alterations. The possibilities are endless and there is a lot of research being conducted that is not even published yet. Genetic engineering in animals is of particular interest to me because my family has been in the business of genetic alterations for over thirty years through selective breeding. We own a livestock farm, raising sheep and goats primarily for livestock judging competitions, but as well as for milk production and wool production. Every year we attend approximately twenty fairs or shows throughout New England to have our animals evaluated against competition to be critiqued for desirable qualities and structure based on the ideal species score card. The judge places these animals based on which animal contains the most desirable combination of traits. In order for my family to obtain quality animals we must carefully take into consideration each judges review of the animal in order to select a mate that will compliment its strength and has a high likelihood of improving flaws in the offspring. It is a long and tedious process to improve quality of the show herd; it takes years of trial and error to find suitable mates to produce the desirable offspring. Having an understanding of how genes are inherited allows for us to choose a male mate for our females by examining his offspring and seeing the ratios of how many have the trait we are looking for and estimating if there will be a high likelihood we could obtain the trait as well. We also look at the males parents to see what the parental generation had for phenotypic traits. Although we do not use high genetic methods to create our genetically engineered livestock it is a careful science that takes years of practice in order to know how to find a mating that will give us an increase in desirable traits in order to continue to do as well as we do on the show circuits. Here is a small anecdote to show my interest in this topic: when I first took a genetics class in high school I learned how to calculate genotypes using the punnett square. This interested me so much I sat down and tried to draw a pedigree to pr edict the genotypes of my black versus white sheep and the likelihood of each of their genetic make ups based on their parents and the offspring they have produced. I was able to determine white is recessive to black and which sheep were heterozygous or homozygous for many of them. Selective breeding is a very important method for my familys business without it there would be a lot of difficulty maintaining and improving the high quality livestock show herd we have. Genetic engineering in animal species has come a long way from simple matings to complex technology manipulating genomes. There are benefits including medical advances for humans, disease prevention for animals, and industrial production gains. These benefits can be obtained as long as the research stays within the set ethical guidelines. There are many methods to alter the DNA sequence such as recombinants with vectors and plasmids, microinjections, bioballistics, and gene splicing. Genetic engineering will continue to advance and hold great promise for opportunity for future advances. Work cited Boyd Group. 1999. Genetic engineering: animal welfare and ethics. Retrived15. Nov. 2010.  http://www.boyd-group.demon.co.uk/genmod.htm Monaco, Michael. Genetic Engineering in Animals. Retrieved 14, Nov. 2010.  http://www.govhs.org/vhsweb/Gallery.nsf/Files/Genetic+Engineering,+a+group+project/$file/animal.html Van Eenennaam, Allison. Genetic Engineering and Animals Agriculture. University of  California. Retrived 15, Nov. 2010. http://ucanr.org/freepubs/docs/8184.pdf Union of Concerned Scientists. Genetic Engineering Techniques. 2003. Retrieved 15, Nov.  2010. http://www.ucsusa.org/food_and_agriculture/science_and_impacts/science/genetic-engineering-techniques.html West, Chad. 2006. Economics and Ethics in Genetic Engineering of Animals. Harvard  Journal of Law and Technology. Retrieved 15, Nov. 2010.  http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/articles/pdf/v19/19HarvJLTech413.pdf

Incarceration of African American Males Essay

Introduction The trend of African American males between the ages of 25 and 29 has seen a dramatic increase of incarceration. Attention has been focusing on areas of housing, education, and healthcare but the most prominent problem for African American males is the increase in the incarceration rate. African American males between the ages of 25 and 29 incarceration rate has been thought, by many, to be caused by economic factors such as under employment or unemployment, poor housing, lack of education, and lack of healthcare. Yet, others believe it is due to the imbalance of minorities within the criminal justice system, such as judges, lawyers, and lawmakers. This paper will explore two different outlooks; society has come up with so far, as to why African American Males between the ages of 25 and 29 are increasingly incarcerated. Finally, the information will give awareness to the problems that is faced by African American Males between the ages of 25 and 29. Prevalence – Problem 1 More than 40% of all American prisoners, men and women, are African American men, yet they make up just 13% of the U. S. male population (Roberts, 2004). This statistic does not include those African American men who are in local jails nor does it include those African American men under custodial supervision (Table 2). They enter the state and federal prison system, at the prime of their economic and reproductive lives and yet they exit prison behind both economically and socially. The high rate of incarceration among African Americans has been noted by the interconnection of poor economy, lack of affordable housing, mental illness, substance abuse, domestic violence, absence of a strong black male role model, lack of access to education, or some type of combination of these factors. Statistics don’t even give African American males a good chance to stay out of jail. They have a one in four chance of being incarcerated, while Hispanic American males have a one in six chance, and white males only have a one in twenty three chance of incarceration. The color of African Americans sets them apart and makes them targetable. Prevalence – Problem 2 There is evidence, in our American Justice System, of structural inequality as seen in the percentages of minorities to the percentage of majorities employed in high ranking positions, within the system. The percentage of United States judges by race are 79% Caucasian, 12% African American, and 2% Hispanics American (Federal Judicial Center, 2012), as for the thousands of lawyers in the United States it is approximate of 3% are African American (National Law Group, 2010-2011), and about 1 in 4 police officers are members of a racial or ethnic minority in 2007 (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2013). An investigation into racial profiling showed that African American and Hispanic American offenders, who often are young unemployed males, are more likely than their white counterparts (Spohn, C., 2000). Their prison sentences are also typically longer or they receive differential benefits from guideline departures than do similarly situated white offenders (Spohn, C. , 2000). We must acknowledge the problems of racial disparity within the criminal justice system, communicate racial disparity within the criminal justice system with those we who are not informed of the problem, and stay committed to changing racial disparity within our justice system for change to begin. Causes In researching the high rate of incarceration in America it is more likely than not that the increase in African American Males being incarcerated is due to the War on Drugs (Table 1). It is public knowledge that drug crime ranks high among the effects of poverty. These poor neighborhoods not only endure crime they have poor schools, poor food, cramped living areas, and shortage of jobs if any jobs at all. Drugs and drug crime has become regularity in low income communities, arrests of Hispanics made up 55% of cocaine powder offences and 52% of marijuana offenses and 49% involving opiates: African Americans were suspected in 75% of crack cocaine cases; White males were suspected in 41% all methamphetamine cases (Motivans, M. , 2011). Decades of failed public and private remedies for chronic disparities and disadvantages in communities of color invite us to reexamine systems and institutions that provide and restrict opportunity in new ways (Lawrence, K. , 2011). The causes seem to be intertwined being poor equals, equals a poor education, equals lack of employment, and ultimately equals an increased rate of crime. Consequences The causes seem to be intertwined being poor, equals lack of education, which equals lack of employment, which equals increased rate of crime which equals impossibility to join criminal justice system. Also, many of these men are incarcerated while all the other non-incarcerated American young men are finishing school, starting careers, earning seniority at work, marrying and having children thus gaining capital. Even when released from prison, these men return back to their communities with a felony record that will pose extreme problems for them. The incarceration leads the released convict into a lower social class even if they were considered lower class Americans prior to their incarceration; they now are lower in social class standing in most instances. This leads to a poor African American community, perhaps as many as 50% of the male population will have been in prison. These incarcerated African American Males, who are in their prime of life, also are leaving half the families in this community facing such things as poverty, lack of affordable housing, mental illness, substance abuse, violence, absence of a strong black male role model, lack of access to education, or some type of combination of these factors. The community ultimately will become poverty stricken, struggling to survive, and ultimately vulnerable to the situation repeating. Solutions – How can this be changed? There are four key aspects to addressing racial disparity, in my opinion: 1. Acknowledge 2. Communication 3. Setback = Strength 4. Commitment Not only is the problem of racial disparity under recognized by society it is not being communicated effectively to make change. Majority groups needs to acknowledge racial disparity and minority groups need to communicate their knowledge regarding racial disparity. As each group majority and minority begins to become share their information with each other and work together for a common solution acknowledging there will be setbacks but with continued commitment systemic change will happen. Conclusion By refusing to tolerate disparate treatment of people of color or anyone within the criminal justice system we empower ourselves and our country. It is time that everyone including our legislators, law enforcement, prosecutors, defense attorneys, and judges work collectively and courageously to eradicate this negative stigma. Despite, America being known for its equal rights we are living proof that in this era inequality is a factor that cannot be taken lightly. The statistics that are surrounding African American males is astounding. We need to empower African American males with the knowledge that they have a one in four chance of becoming incarcerated. It is also important to know that Hispanic males have a one in six chance, and white males have a one in twenty three chance of incarceration. All of these statistics need to be addressed to empower each and every one us. Throughout history we have not seen a change in majority groups (White, Male) and minority groups (Women, anyone that is not White) although we have seen numbers of minorities increasing at a fast pace. Today, however, the election of Barack Obama, not once but twice, may set the new ideal of what an American actually is. As we embrace different cultures and their ethnic backgrounds society will prosper. As society increases their knowledge, in regards to each person’s differences, they will acquire greater strength and prosperity. The only issue, that can occur, will be in the short term empowering others to embrace diversity. When we look beyond short-term, focus will shift to diverse empowerment through embracing the knowledge of our differences thus making us stronger as a society. TABLE 1: BLACK PROPORTION OF DRUG ARRESTS, EXCLUDING MARIJUANA POSSESSION YEAR BLACK % 1999 40. 1 2000 39. 3 2001 39. 1 2002 35. 8 2003 33. 8 2004 33. 1 2005 33. 2 Data calculated from drug arrest figures by race provided by the Uniform Crime Reports division of the FBI TABLE 2: FBI CRIME REPORT Arrests By Race, 2006 [11,249 agencies; 2006 estimated population 216,685,152] Total White Black American Indian or Alaskan Native Asian or Pacific islander Total White Black American Indian or Alaskan Native Asian or Pacific Islander TOTAL 10,437,620. 7270214 2924724 130589 112093 100. 0 69. 7 28 1. 3 1. 1 Drug abuse violations 1376192 875101 483886 8198 9607 1000 63. 6 35. 1 0. 6 0. 7 DUI’S 1034651 914226 95260 13484 11681 100 88. 4 9. 2 1. 3 1. 1 Liquor laws 466323 398068 50035 12831 5389 100 85. 4 10. 7 2. 8 1. 2 Drunken-ness 408439 344155 54113 7884 2287 100 84. 3 13. 2 1. 9 0. 6 Dis-orderly conduct 5117264 325991 179733 7606 3934 100 63. 0 34. 7 1. 5 0. 8 (The FBI: Uniform Crime Report, 2010) References Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2013, http://bjs. ojp. usdoj. gov/index. cfm? ty=tp&tid=71 The FBI Uniform Crime Reports, 2010, Table 43, http://www. fbi. gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u. s/2010/crime-in-the-u. s. -2010/tables/table-43 Federal Judicial Center, 2012, Overview of the United States Court System, http://www. fjc. gov/public/pdf. nsf/lookup/FJC_Standard_PPT_English_June_2012. pdf/$file/FJC_Standard_PPT_English_June_2012. pdf Lawrence, K. , 2011, Race, Crime, and Punishment: Breaking the Connection in America. http://www. aspeninstitute. org/sites/default/files/content/docs/pubs/Race-Crime-Punishment.pdf Motivans, Mark, 2011, Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics, http://bjs. ojp. usdoj. gov/content/pub/pdf/fjs09. pdf National Law Group 2010-2011, http://blacklawyers. net/ Roberts, D. , 2004, Measuring the Social and Moral Cost of Mass Incarceration, in African American Communities, http://www. law. fsu. edu/faculty/2003-2004workshops/roberts. pdf Spohn,C. ,2000, Thirty Years of Sentencing Reform: The Quest for a Racially Neutral Sentencing Process, http://www. justicestudies. com/pubs/livelink3-1. pdf.

Coca Cola Swot Analysis

Company background: The Coca cola company is now a largest soft drink company in the world. Coca cola became the largest manufacturer, distributor, and marketer of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups which operate in more than 200 countries. Coca cola was invented on May 1886 by Dr. John Stith Pemberton in Jaco’s Pharmacy in Atlanta, Georgia. The name Coca cola was suggested by Pemberton’s book keeper, Frank Robinson. He penned the name Coca cola in the flowing script that is famous today. Strengths: Coca cola has been a complex part of the American culture for over a century. The images of the products has landed in many broadbands, and there pictures were taken deeply in the heart. The image is printed on posters, T-shirts, and hats. This is the most successful brand popularize in the world. In 2006, Coca cola is become one of the leading brand in globe top 100 brands. â€Å"Enjoy more than 685 moillion times a day around the world Coca cola stands as a smple, yet powerful symbol of quality and environment†(Allen,1995). Today, almost 230 kinds of products were produced in more than 200 countries, and the company is never give up to extend new market. Coca cola has the most workable bottling system, which allow the products packed to can, plastic bottles and glass bottles, that means their coke can meet different request for different consumers. In addtionally, Coca cola allow their authorised the local company to sell the products, it is a way to save time and money to built the transport network. Apart from the above strengths, Coca cola has a huge market share, which is about 44%, is higher than it’s competitor—Pepsi. This means people are more likely to buy products from Coca cola. For Coca cola, the market share rate is a important and useful power to grow and can help the company earn more revenue. Weakness: Health is an important issue in 21st century. As we know, coke contains high sugar and caffeine content. In Sempeteber 2006, the company received a report from Center for Science and Environment (CSE), which shows their products included chemicals could causes osteoporosis, damage the reproductive system and cancers (Scribd, 2006). This report will put the Coca cola in a very negative place, with any help for their brand and products. Due to 2006, cash which invested in operating activities was decreased in 7% compared with 2005. Net cash provide by operating activities is also less than the previous year. With a series of problems, their market share is decreasing during the year. This may cause financial problesm such as not enough money to invest in newly growing market. Coke is a product, it should be sold by retailers. However, some larege retailers have exclusive contracts with Pepsi and do not stock Coca cola’s products, such as KFC. This is an abuse, and may cause market share loss. These retailers like KFC are shopped all over the world, over two million dolars loss due to this reason. Oppotunities: Nowadays, from American south coast to a small country in China, from Moscow to Sydney, buy a bottle of Coca cola is the most easiest thing. Although Coca cola is a worldwide brand, it’s products are sold around the world, there still have some markets need investment. Because there is no current brand could compete with them, expansion into third world countries is the easiset than ever before. The population in thrid countries is two times more than developed countries. This is a big market for Coca cola to improve and these markets can make the revenue growing like a rocket. Because bottle water can increasing health concems, bottle water market is becoming a fast-growing market in these years. In 2006, approximately 15. 6 million dolars were earned in US bottle water market. In the bottle water market, flavoured water is a part which growing by about 10 billion dolars annually. Coca cola could use their market leader position to invest in flavored water market to take advantage of growing demand. Young people are more likely to choose coke, especially in Lartin American countries and Asia countries, more and more young people are contribute to their revenue. Ohterwise, carbonated beverages are very compatible with American fast food culture, therefore there are many retailers are shopped with Coca cola. Threats: Competition between each company is a big problem. The company faces competition in beverages market from local firm as well as globe players. Also, the company faces various competition nonalcoholic beverages such as juice, friut drinks. In many countries which Coca cola sell it’s products, there should be their primary competitior—Pepsi. Other competitor such as Kraft Foods, Nestle. Competitive factors impacting the company’s business include pricing, advertising, sales promotion programs, brand and trademark development and protection. There competition could impact Coca cola’s market share and revenue growth rate. For some political reasons, middle east countries boycotting US brands, which will influence Coca cola’s globe market plan and revenue. Consumers are start to look the better drinks whcih will not cause health problems. This has led to a decrease in the comsumption of carbonated and other sweetened beverages. Moreover, the US is the company’s core market, Coca cola already expect its performance in the region to be sluggish during 2007. Coca cola’s revenue could be adversely affected by a slowdown in the carbonated beverage market. Target consumer: Coca-Cola main objectives are to supply everyone their favourite drink and to satisfy the consumer needs and wants. Coca-Cola second main objectives are to provide profit to the shareholders and increase the market share. Target consumer is a set of buyers sharing common needs or characteristics that the company decides to serve. The company's beverages are generally for all consumers. However, there are some brands, which target specific consumers. For example, Coca-Cola's diet soft drinks are targeted at consumers who are older in age, between the years of 25 and 39. PowerAde sports water target those who are fit, healthy and do sport. Winnie the Pooh sipper cap Juice Drink target children between the ages 5-12. This type of market approach refers to market segmentation. The Coca-Cola Company when advertising, has a primary target market of those who are 13-24, and a secondary market of 10-39. The Coca-Cola Company's products include beverage concentrates and syrups, with the main product being finished beverages. The business has over 300 brands of beverages around the world with the main ones being Coke, Fanta, Lift, Sprite, Frutopia 100% Fruit Juice, and PowerAde. The Coca-Cola Company packages its beverages into plastic bottles of sizes 2 litres, 1. 25 litres, 600mL and 300mL. These are also available in aluminium cans of 375mL. Coca-Cola is the most well known trademark, recognised by 94 per cent of the world's population. The business is very successful and holds a very good reputation. Allen J. 1995, Coca cola SWOT analysis, viewed 23 March 2010, http://www. coca-cola. com. Scribd 2006, Scribd, viewed 21 March 2010,http://www. scribd. com/doc/9995196/Swot-Analysis-of-Coca-Cola. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/coca-cola accessed 31 October 2009.

Is The Mass Incarceration Of Blacks The New Jim Crow

Is the Mass Incarceration of Blacks the new Jim Crow? American has a legacy of the mistreatment and disenfranchisement of African Americans. The same bad treatment that many think only took place in the past is in fact still intact, it’s just presented in a new way. The mass incarceration of blacks in the Unites States can be attributed to the â€Å"racial hierarchy† that has always existed. The U.S contributes to about 5% of the worlds overall population, and about 25% of the worlds prison population (Holland 1), â€Å"if those rates reflected jail, probation and parole populations, the numbers would rise exponentially†(Griffith 9). Statics show that there is a chance that about 1 in 3 black males are expected end up in prison (Jacobson). Although, in terms of the entire United States population African Americans only make up about 13% (Prison Activist Resource Center. Racism Fact Sheets: â€Å" Latinos and the Criminal Injustice System.† 2003). There i s a huge number of African Americans involved in the criminal justice system in some way. The average person does not know about mass incarceration nor about the racism that is in just about every part of the criminal justice system. When most people think about racism their thoughts often drift to slavery or Jim Crow laws, but for most, they do not consider how the amount of African Americans in prison today could be due to bias or racism. A significant cause of mass incarceration is the same racism that produced the Jim Crow era. JimShow MoreRelated The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, by Michelle Alexander1182 Words   |  5 PagesThe New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness is a book by Michelle Alexander, a civil rights litigator and legal scholar. The book discusses race-related issues specific to African-American males and mass incarceration in the United States. 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